This white paper traces four thousand years of changing interpretations of demons, possession, exorcism, and spiritual conflict in Jewish and Christian history, from the ancient Near East to the present.

This white paper argues for disciplined supernatural realism in Christian pastoral care, taking external spiritual agency seriously while preserving human moral responsibility before God. It draws on Scripture to show how disordered desire and spiritual opposition can both shape human struggle, while cautioning against misreading illness or trauma as demonic activity.

This white paper examines how Christians can discern possible demonic involvement in a person’s life, drawing on the varied signs and tests used across Christian history. It argues that these signs carry different evidentiary weight and that any attribution to demonic agency should follow careful observation, corroboration, and consideration of natural explanations.

This white paper argues for recovering Edward Langton’s largely forgotten work on angels, demons, and the unseen world as a model of disciplined Protestant scholarship. It presents the Stratias Langton Library as a renewal of that inquiry, building on Langton’s methods while reassessing his historical and theological conclusions.

This white paper compares how Evagrius Ponticus and John Cassian understand spiritual warfare, taking demonic agency seriously while distinguishing the arrival of a thought from the choice to entertain it. In the passages examined, Evagrius emphasizes observing patterns in thoughts and passions, while Cassian stresses testing thoughts, disclosing them to elders, and sustaining prayer.